Essay about Plato and Aristotles Definition of Art

Two and a half centuries ago in the Mediterranean, the definition of art was not synonymous with the term as we know it. It encompassed painting, sculpting, poetry, and all what he still recognize as art, as well as craftwork, carpentry and similar occupations. Plato was the first to address the nature of art seriously, and did so quite emphatically. Considering it unimportant and even dangerous, he denounced it. His student, Aristotle, who handled the same subject next, held incompatible and sometimes opposing views on the matter. Their views were greatly influenced by their metaphysical beliefs, as were most philosophical theories at the time. In investigating the two philosophers’ conceptions, Sophocles’ tragedy Antigone will be the†¦show more content†¦On the other hand, Aristotle defends art by stating that the viewer receives a certain â€Å"cognitive value† from art. In other words, one gains a specific understanding of the nature of reality thro ugh the appreciation of art. Aristotle, unlike Plato, can be labelled as teleological since he evaluated objects in terms of how they reach their objective. Aristotle defines techne as ‘a capacity to make or do something with a correct understanding of the principle involved’. Plato saw it as a means to an end, and is therefore not done for its own sake. Comparatively, philosophy is knowledge for knowledges sake. This is why, in the order of knowledge, techne ranked below any study of theoretical knowledge of principles and causes, and below practical wisdom. Knowing the principle behind an art is key to understanding what makes it good- only possible if one possessed techne. Furthermore, Aristotle breaks everything down to smaller, relational parts, but Plato is not that taxonomical and instead sees things as a whole. It is evident in his Republic, where he preaches that people neglect their self-interest in favor of the state as a whole. Aristotle responds to another of Plato’s objections about art- this time one of a moral nature. Aristotle’s tragedy, as described in the Poetics would be dismissed from Plato’s Republic becauseShow MoreRelatedPlato And Aristotle s View On Knowledge Essay1297 Words   |  6 Pagesregarding knowledge’s definition, acquisition, branches, and value. Major role models in the foundation of philosophy - specifically, in this essay, Plato and Aristotle - obsess over the significance of knowledge and its importance to and relationship with the development of human beings and their mindsets. Although Plato’s view on knowledge describes the internal predisposed essence of all Forms and the need for a superior being to extract them from the student, Aristotle’s outlook resides as moreRead MoreMimesis: Plato and Aristotle1536 Words   |  7 PagesMimesis: Plato and Aristotle 1,515 Words Philosophy 2348: Aesthetics\ The term ‘mimesis’ is loosely defined as ‘imitation’, and although an extensive paper could be written about the cogency of such a narrow definition, I will instead focus on Plato and Aristotle’s contrasting judgements of mimesis (imitation). I will spend one section discussing Plato’s ideas on mimesis and how they relate to his philosophy of reality and the forms. I will then spend a section examining Aristotle’s differingRead MorePlato And Aristotle s Views On Plato s Philosophy914 Words   |  4 Pages-INTRO: Plato and Aristotle are two of the most influential Greek philosophers of history. It would be just to say that Plato’s philosophical views were greatly influenced by his mentor, Socrates. Over time, Aristotle found solemn in Plato’s teachings and became his pupil. The philosophical theories that were originally conceived by Socrates passed from Plato, to Aristotle. In a perfect world, it would be nice to entertain the belief that Aristotle’s beliefs resembled his mentor, Plato’s and Plato’sRead MoreAristotle Platos Differences in Art and its Culture1023 Words   |  4 PagesOver the years, art has transformed. In the past, Art was a form of documentation and recording. Art and its form in today’s culture can be represented in many ways, birthed from artists as they express through their emotions and their perception of things. The transformation has changed drastically, bringing art form to a rather complex and intricate representation. As to a correct definition of what art is, it is impossible to simplify the term, Art. As we study the philosophical ideas of howRead MoreComparison Between Aristotle and Plato on Mimesis4881 Words   |  20 PagesiA comparison between Aristotle and Plato on mimesis 1. Introduction Mimesis, as a controversial concept starting from the 15th century, is among the oldest terms in literature and artistic theory, and is certainly among the most fundamental. Developing centuries, the concept of mimesis has been explored and reinterpreted by scholars in various academic fields. The word â€Å"Mimesis† developed from the root mimos, noun designating both a person who imitates and a specific genre of performance basedRead MoreReview of Aristotles Nichomachean Ethics1388 Words   |  6 Pagesconducted themselves as they related to others; however, some of Aristotle’s ideologies were debated by his counterparts for hundreds of years. Aristotle’s plethora of ideas was and has been adopted by past and present philosophers as they approached subject matter that had very few definitive answers. Aristotle was born in circa 384 B. C. and died in 322 B.C. According to Kim’s introduction, Aristotle considered ethics to be the â€Å"art of living well.† His writings reflected a perpetual quest toRead MoreAristotelian Rhetoric: An Evolution of Sophist’s Discredited Methodology1866 Words   |  8 Pagesrhetoric consider the Greek philosopher, Aristotle, one of the great contributors to our present understanding of this art which, since its early origins and until present, has been a controversial field of study because of its association with persuasion and influence. However, an examination of ancient rhetoric and its development by the Sophists and then a study on Aristotle’s theory on rhetoric and how he concluded his findings direct our attention to whether this Greek philosopher only includedRead MoreAristotle s Philosophy On Ethics1330 Words   |  6 PagesNicomachean ethics is the name of Aristotle’s work on ethics based on his lectures. It is said that Nicomachean ethics were named after either Aristotle’s father or son , as they were both named Nicomachus. Aristotle believed that happiness is what makes a person pure. To prove his point, Aristotle believed that there were four moral virtues that worked together; the virtue of great soul, the virtue of justice, the virtue of practical judgment and the virtue of being a truly good friend. TenRead MoreThe Reign Of Ancient Greek Philosophers982 Words   |  4 Pagesas the academic core of the world. Aristotle enrolled in Plato s academy and was one of the top scholars. Plato s academy was one of the top learning centers at the time. Aristotle formed a relationship with Plato, who was a Greek philosopher, and taught at the academy for 20 years. Plato died in 347 B.C. Despite their relationship, Aristotle did not agree with Plato s philosophy, so he did not become the director of the academy after Plato s death. Aristotle left Athens, and then went to MysiaRead MorePlato Aristotle Comparison1798 Words   |  8 PagesImitative Art A Comparison of the Philosophies of Plato Aristotle And the Ultimate Beneficial Nature of the Tragic Drama By: Stephanie Cimino In the various discussions of imitative art there has been a notable disagreement between two distinguished philosophers; Plato and Aristotle. Although it was Plato who first discussed the concept of imitative art, it is my belief that Aristotle was justified in his praise and admiration of imitative art, specifically, the tragic drama

Sociology Is The Study Of Individuals In Groups Free Essays

In this essay three perspectives will be assessed. How society operates in the view of these perspectives. Also, scrutinizing theories on the subject ‘crime and deviance’ aiming to outline how each perspective grasps the matter. We will write a custom essay sample on Sociology Is The Study Of Individuals In Groups or any similar topic only for you Order Now Before one can observe society, one needs to take into account the ways in which it can be viewed. Perspectives that focus on social systems, are known as macro perspectives. Alternatively, the micro perspective, focuses on social action of the individual. (Taylor et al, 1995). One of The first major perspectives examining society is Functionalism. Functionalism begins with the observation that behavior in society is structured†. Harmless and Holbrook, 1 980, p. 14). They argue that Functional prerequisites such as hospitals, schools and families among many more, bind society together. In a functionalist society these integrate with one another to form a value consensus. Furthermore, it is essential they interrelate at a basic level for society to survive. (Harmless and Holbrook, 1980). Therefore, society is maintained by the value consensus and its cohesion of working parts. Mile Druthers founder of functionalism, observed societies values and norms portraying them as social order. Laws establish with the value consensus. He developed his argument by saying crime is an inevitable and normal way of social life. (Harmless and Holbrook, 1980). He added to this he states that social change begins with some sort of deviance, just enough deviance benefits society and keeps it healthy; it reinforces right and wrong in societies collective conscience. However too much on the other hand would cause a state enormousness described as anomie. For example, Morton (1968, cited in Harmless and Holbrook, 1 980) states since members of society are placed differently, such as social class, simultaneously having different collective enticements, too much imbalance; not enough prosperity and not enough opportunities, would cause an anomic state. As a consequence leading to a break down of societies values and norms. Rioting in such a case would be anomic state or the uprising of a government. Functionalism has declined as modern theories better explain society. Functional macro sociological analysis disregards small areas of society. Also, damaging criticisms arose with the ideas of human beings as products of the social system. (Taylor et al, 1995). Another macro perspective on society is Marxism. Named after Karl Marx a German sociologist. E described a theory of observing society that offered a radical alternative to functionalism and the nature of social stratification. (Harmless and Holbrook, 1980). Marx examined how society works and explained how history has unfolded paying close attention to capitalism. Marx was troubled with the effects of capitalism and was very concerned to get rid of it. Trainer, 2010). Marx suggested that society is in conflict. He observed western society was split in two. He argued that the ruling class, who had the means of production, the bourgeoisie; exploited the subject class, the proletariat. (Harmless and Holbrook, 1980). Furthermore, â€Å"Marx said history is basically about the struggle between classes for dominance† (Trainer, 2010, p. 1). The ruling class ideology in Mar’s argument, only benefited the bourgeoisie; the distortion of reality, falsifying society binding members together with a false consciousness. Thus, helping to maintain the superstructure in the aid of the ruling class. When observing Mar’s theory behind crime and deviance, one understands no value consensus express laws comparable to functionalism. Mar’s argues that laws are passed by state government, reflecting the interests of ruling class ideology, rather an authoritarian consensus. As follows a false commitment is shared by society as a whole considering laws only benefit the ruling minority. (Harmless and Holbrook, 1980). A classic case study portraying this argument is Stuart Hall’s ‘policing the crisis’. Hall raises the argument of ‘mugging; a new term from America that was used by the media to label an attempted robbery, murder scene in 1972 In Britain. He argued the term is now affixed to any type of crime particularly applied at black youth. From that point onwards it becomes symptomatic Of a ‘moral panic’. (Hall et al, 1978). Furthermore, Halls statistics show the term ‘mugging’ appearing 60 times in newspapers the following year. (Hall et al, 1978) It can be said that the media’s moral panics, run by the ideology of the ruling class, camouflaged the economic crisis that emerged during the sass’s. Subsequently, the moral panics allowed the state to enforce policing methods legitimizing random stops targeting black youths. Thus, more control over the subject class. Social action theories offer a drastic alternative view on society to the above. Interpretative perspective emphasis is on individuals action, rather than the deterministic approach structured by social systems, social action focuses on small scale interaction. (Taylor et alarm 1995). The focus is on individual actions that are constructed by society through meaning and interpretations. For instance a newly wed husband and wife will understand the role a whole lot better by understanding the meaning of the term. (Harmless and Holbrook, 1980) For Max Weber, founder of social action theory believed these meanings were attached to a social actions carried out by an individual. He expanded on his theory by stating self concepts are a result of interpretations there described them as. Individuals are more likely to carry out a behavior after being perceived in a particular way. (Harmless and Holbrook, 1980). Furthermore, Interactions defines the construction of meaning through analysis. It can be said that language, gestures and appearance will govern the interpretation of the context the actions uphold. It can be said that individuals depends on symbolic symbols to define and understand meanings in society through relating, interpreting and making sense. (Taylor et al, 1995). Howard Becker, applied labeling theory in his attempt to define crime and evince to social action. His argument consisted of deviant behavior, only existing when perceived and defined as such. JP until it has been labeled by a member of society there was no deviance. The deviant is one to whom the label has successfully been applied; deviant behavior is behavior that people so label. † Becker (1 963, cited in Harmless and Holbrook, 1980, p. 346). Becker develops his argument stressing the importance of the public identification of a deviant. As stated above, self concepts can change individuals to the label applied, in this case, accepting the deviant label may in urn, cause the individual to commit more deviance. However Becker states this theory may not be inevitable. Harmless and Holbrook, 1980). A criticism with interactions approach is the labeling term for deviance is too deterministic. Having been founded primarily on ideas based on free will through social individual action; the person labeled with the term deviant, will be expected to commit further deviant activities. (Harmless and Holbrook, 1980). However, Becker does reject this barrage of criticisms and goes on to defend his theory by saying labeling theory has been misunderstood and unfairly criticized. Harmless and Holbrook, 1980). Throughout the three perspectives it can be said that there are differences describing theories of crime and deviance. For instance, The Marxist view is directed through the course of history at the ruling class ideology. The manufacturing of crimes sees the subject class targeted and deemed deviant. In recent years Neo Marxist theories have developed a better understanding. The Hegemonic society as original Marxist views first stated have changed and a middle class has now emerged. It appears that although functionalism argues that crime is inevitable by all, it takes the same route of determinism hat Marxism does. Social systems directing the course of society. Many have debated the nature of free will and these structural perspectives will suffer heavy criticisms. Adding to this, disregarding qualitative research missing out small subject areas of society will as a result, only provide a narrow based analysis. Social action theory however, grasps the idea Of crime and deviance better than the latter two. When specifically discussing crime and deviance, qualitative research better explains individuals actions rather than attaching to a system. How to cite Sociology Is The Study Of Individuals In Groups, Papers

Improvement Sustainability Control Methods

Question: Discuss about the Improvement Sustainability Control Methods. Answer: Introduction There are many methods that can be used to maintain and control the improvement sustainability of a consultancy project. In any consultancy or other business organizations, constant improvements are introduced for enhancing business performance. However, the improvements must be sustainable in order to gain maximum benefits. The methods to control sustainability for a consultancy project (Boston Consulting Group for the current case study) have been discussed in this report. Methods to Control Sustainability The following are the methods that are used by Boston Consulting Group to control improvement sustainability improvement. Market Foresight Improvement is triggered by a change in the dynamic market and hence, market foresight is necessary to control the sustainability of improvement in the consultancy project (Ltzkendorf and Lorenz 2015). Market foresight includes prediction of future market changes, possible risks and chances of expansion. Improvement Control Sustainability of an improvement can be controlled by controlling the improvement itself by adding several modifications based on the changes in the market as well as appearance of the risks that might threaten to stop the benefits of the improvement (Roman and Widmark 2016). Automated Measurement System This helps in maintaining sustainability of improvement for a consultancy project. The automated system can automatically analyze the working and benefits of the improvements and provide suitable modifications that can be used for controlling the sustainability of the improvements. Preparation of a Control Plan A suitable control plan is always needed for preparing a design that incorporates analysis, use and control of different aspects related to business and improvements (Nuhoff-Isakhanyan et al. 2016). This control plan contains the overall blueprint of the improvement as well as well plans for suitable modifications for sustainability of improvement. Integration of Control Systems Often, consultancies operate in different fields of the market with various services and hence, improvements are done to each field once necessity arises due to changing market conditions. However, these improvements are managed separately and hence; issues often arise on the factor of sustainability. One improvement for one department might not be beneficial for other departments (Sjblom, Andersson and Skerratt 2016). As a result, overall benefit cannot be gained. In order to solve this issue, an integration control systems is necessary. An integrated control system will manage all improvements from one centre by balancing with all the different departments. Due to this, the sustainability of the improvements can be maintained and controlled for the consultancy projects. It is to be kept in mind that using all these methods, only a part of the sustainability can be controlled. This is because, the sustainability of improvement also depends largely on the changes in the market, which is not under the control of the consulting company. Conclusion In this report, a brief idea of improvement sustainability control methods have been provided. A consulting company can use these methods to control the sustainability of improvements applied in the business in the context of the market condition. However, the market is always dynamic and hence, sustainability of improvements also depend on the condition of the market that cannot be controlled. Hence, the control can be done only from the management side for as much as possible. References Ltzkendorf, T. and Lorenz, D., 2015. Sustainable Design, Investment and Value.Design Economics for the Built Environment: Impact of Sustainability on Project Evaluation, pp.137-151. Nuhoff-Isakhanyan, G., Wubben, E.F., Omta, O.S. and Pascucci, S., 2016. Network structure in sustainable agro-industrial parks.Journal of Cleaner Production,141, pp.1209-1220. Roman, J. and Widmark, O., 2016. Individual activities within IT consultancy firms: How the individual efficiency within IT consultancy firms could be increased by improving individual activities. Sjblom, S., Andersson, K. and Skerratt, S., 2016.Sustainability and short-term policies: improving governance in spatial policy interventions. Routledge.